Ib Music Investigation free essay sample

â€Å"The Temple of Hate† and â€Å"Inner Vision† Both songs, â€Å"Inner Vision† and â€Å"The Temple of Hate,† are of the heavy metal genre. The song â€Å"Temple of Hate† is written by a Brazilian American heavy metal band named Angra. The song â€Å"Inner Vision† is written by an Armenian American heavy metal band name System of a Down. In this musical investigation, I will compare and contrast these songs, as well as the bands themselves. I will compare and contrast the song’s musical elements, as well as the storyline and the way the songs are set up. System of a Down, also known as SOAD, is an Armenian-American rock band from Glendale, California. The group formed in 1994, and later split in 2006. The band consists of Serj Tankian who sings lead vocals, and also plays the keyboards. Daron Malakian is the lead guitar player. Shavo Odadjian mainly played the bass. Last but not least, John Dolmayan whose main job was to play the drums. We will write a custom essay sample on Ib Music Investigation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The band first started after â€Å"Soil† had split up. Tankian and Malakian decided to start a new band. Their band name came from a poem title â€Å"Victims of the Down†. Yet they were convinced that the name System of a down would be more appealing to the public. The song â€Å"Inner Vision† is just one of their many songs. It came from the album â€Å"Steal this Album† which was released to the public on November 26, 2002. Angra is a power metal band from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Angra was formed in 1991 by Santa Marcelina Music College students vocalist Andre Matos, duo guitarist Rafael Bittencourt and Andre Linhares. The band Angra now consists of Edu Falaschi, who is the band’s leading vocals. Kiko Loureiro happens to be the band’s lead guitar player. Rafael Bittencourt happens to also play the guitars for the band. Felipe Andreoli is the band’s base player. Last but definitely not least, Ricardo Confessori is the band’s drums player. Unlike System of a Down, the band Angra has not split up, and they keep coming out with new music every year or so. The song â€Å"The Temple of Hate† came from their album called â€Å"Temple of Shadows. † You see the relation? Get it? â€Å"Temple of. † Anyways, the band released this album in January of 2006. A song is split into two, yet equal groups, the actual music played, and the lyrics sung throughout the song. In the two songs, â€Å"Temple of Hate† and â€Å"Inner Vision,† you can actually hear that both songs use the same type of instruments. Since both bands are heavy metal, you can hear the way the drums take up an important part in the music and is heavily inflicted into the songs. The drums are played with lots of experience, and since it is a heavy metal band, the drums are played really fast with lots of precision. In the song â€Å"Inner Vision,† the drums are the main instrument being used in the song. The drums are being played very heavily and efficiently by Dolmayan. If you ever happen to watch any music video with System of a Down, you will often notice that the drums player is always very exhausted at the end of the song. That is because the drums take up the most important role in this band’s genre. In the song â€Å"Temple of Hate,† you can also hear the drums going off as the main instrument. In both pieces, the drums are very heavy and take up the main role. Another important instrument in these songs, are the guitars. In each song, a heavy metal guitar bass is being used to get the â€Å"metal† type of feeling. Another key factor in these songs, is that there is a small section in the song where the guitarist does a solo. Meaning that at that specific time, the only instrument that is being played is the guitar. I think this is a very heavy contribution to the songs, as well as the band. In order to be a metal band, you must be able to play a killer metal guitar. When each song starts, you can hear both the drums and the guitar being played at a vigorous speed. Its almost amazing how they are able to defy the laws of physics. Another key factor I stated earlier was that the lyrics to a song are just as important as the actual music being played. In the song â€Å"Temple of Hate,† the lyrics are introduced into the song at about 55 seconds into the music. The lyrics in this song are very dark and demeaning. By looking at the title, you can automatically assume that the song has a very dark feeling to it and is a metal song: â€Å"Nations battle on the field across the lands Ruthless stealing territories from our hands Anger throwing down the victims to the ground Cold blood younger soldiers weeping with no sound Revolution striking down right now! † This verse is the very first one in the song. You can presume that the song is about war and revolution. The music goes very well with the lyrics. They feel as if they are being treated unfairly and they start a revolution. The music goes well with this annotation because you can feel the angry feeling to the music, as well with the lyrics. The lyrics also describe how the soldiers are young, and still technically â€Å"babies. † This fits well with the music because it shows a sign of disturbed youth, which inflicts heavy metal music on young adults. â€Å"The Temple of Hate† has no sign of a happy ending. Maybe for the country as a whole, but definitely not for these individual soldiers. System of a Down’s song â€Å"Inner Vision,† on the other hand, shows a different style with it’s lyrics: â€Å"Well I have a home Longing to roam I have to find you I have to meet you Signs of your face Slowing your pace I need your guidance I need to seek my inner vision Inner vision† These lyrics show a sign of neediness, maybe even greed. Unlike the song â€Å"The Temple of Hate,† the lyrics to System of a Down’s song â€Å"Inner Vision† shows no sign of a revolution, or being held back against one’s own will.

The eNotes Blog The Next Generation Digital Book A Whole New Way toRead

The Next Generation Digital Book A Whole New Way toRead As a bit of a purist on the book front, its been a rocky road to accept anything not printed on paper and bound by a soft cover. When e-readers first became popular, I was there, standing on the proverbial soapbox, lamenting to disinterested friends the decline of bookshelves, the end of book publishing. I overreacted, of course, but it was too tempting not to indulge in the melodramatic idea that books would go the way of LPs, that I was one of the select guardians of the old school. In reality, I was a bit of a snob. In the end, it was the convenience of an e-reader that got me. Safety came in at a close second (I was almost crushed one night reading Ken Follets World Without Enda 1024 page death trap in hardback), but mainly the sheer usefulness of a Kindle wore me down. Yet I still never looked at e-books as anything more than a lighter load for my daily commute. The equivalent of an audio book on a long car ridethey just dont add anything to the reading experience for me. Nothing compares to the weightiness of a good, solid book in your hands (even if it does threaten to collapse a lung). But then, when I wasnt paying attention, e-books began to change. With the advent of smart phones and tablets, the landscape of digital books has changed, becoming ever more creative. The next generation of digital books doesnt seek to just transfer words from page to screen, but rather to supplement the experience of reading a book in ways unique to its interface. Take artist Raghava KKs childrens book POP-IT  for example. The book was not so much written as it was specifically designed for an iPad. Raghavas motive to create the book was the same as that of many childrens fiction writers; he set out to teach children a lesson, specifically empathy, through a story: How could he teach young children the benefits of multiple perspectives with clear immediacy? Raghava concluded that peoples minds and childrens literature needed a shake-up. Literally. He explains the iBooks unique feature: If you notice carefully, its a homosexual couple bringing up a child. Dont like it? Shake it, and you have a lesbian couple†¦ Only when you teach perspectives will a child be able to imagine and put themselves in the shoes of someone else who is different from them†¦ I cant promise my child a life without biaswere all biasedbut I promise to bias my child with multiple perspectives. While the lesson may be nothing new to the realm of childrens literature, its delivery certainly is. And so it begs the question: to what extent will this change the way we experience literature? Are interactive iBooks and e-books simply a flashier, though essentially superfluous format, like pop-up books? Or does the capacity to integrate multiple medias vastly affect the way we internalize a story? In some cases, it will: I suppose our feelings towards interactive books then depend on each ones purpose. Textbooks and childrens books most readers would forgive outright, or, more likely, rejoice in. Imagine the capacity to assist students with learning disabilities, for instance. I personally could get behind a poetry collection that includes recordings of the poets themselves, or a version of The Canterbury Tales that contains audio of the original Middle English speechwhat great teaching tools! Last year Al Gore teamed up with a group of software developers to release Our Choice, a digital sequel to An Inconvenient Truth. For a non-scientific brain like mine, the embedded videos certainly clarify the content. Do we really need to be able to make a windmill move by blowing onto an iPad screen? Not really, but it is fun, and in the end youve learned something. In such cases, the ability to switch from text to video doesnt detract from the content on the page. In fact, it betters it. What happens, though, when the first really big multimedia novel is released? Or worse, when a classic gets a movie studio makeover, clips from the latest adaptation imported between the pages? What happens when the source of entertainment is no longer the joy of reading itself? We may have to learn a whole new way to read. This is where my excitement really turns to apprehensiveness. While I welcome the idea of a digitized book offering something more than sheer convenience, Im not altogether certain Ill like the outcome every time. Educational books? Great. Novels? I just dont know.  True, a more experimental author like Safran Foer could probably do something truly exciting with this media. Im willing to hold my breath. And though I may still indulge from time to time in the apocalyptic fantasy that books will one day cease to be as we now know them, I think we can all be certain that the joy of reading good stories will never go away, no matter what form they someday take. Whats your take on digitally interactive books? Feel free to sound off below.

Oceanography Discussion Short Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Oceanography Discussion Short - Essay Example The pH of the ocean does not change much because ocean water acts as an acid-base buffer. When acidic substances are added to seawater, they result in increased H+ ions. These ions react with bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in seawater, yielding carbonic acid (H2CO3), which further dissociates into CO2 and H2O. Thus, the pH does not change on addition of acid because neutral products are formed. Similarly, when basic (alkaline) substances are added to seawater, the bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) dissociate into CO32- and H+. The production of H+ ions thus neutralizes the OH- ions of the base and pH remains constant. The bicarbonate ions in oceans are produced as a result of volcanic eruptions and burning of fossil fuels that add carbonic acid to the seawater (Desonie 19). Goiter is a disorder in which the thyroid gland or any one of its two lobes enlarges and appears as a swelling in the front region of the neck. It results from hypothyroidism, i.e. inadequate production of the thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. This disorder results from iodine deficiency. Iodine is the precursor of thyroid hormones and its deficiency leads to their inadequate synthesis, thereby inducing the production of thyroid stimulating hormone by the pituitary gland. This hormone causes the enlargement of the thyroid, resulting in goiter. Goiter can be prevented by incorporating trace amounts of iodine in the diet. All products originating from seawater are good sources of iodine, as seawater contains dissolved iodine (Trujillo and Thurman 141). Consumption of natural sources of iodine such as seafood, fishes, sea vegetables, etc that originate in seawater are helpful for the prevention of goiter. Although both temperature and sea water affect the density of oceans, only salinity has a major influence on the density of the Polar Ocean. This is because of the extremely low temperatures at the poles. The temperature of the

Exploratory argument on what has come to be called the school - to - Essay

Exploratory argument on what has come to be called the school - to - prison pipeline - Essay Example The STPP has become a social problem since learners drop out, causing social disruptions due to the influence of the policies. Primarily, radical changes are required within the NCLB (No Child Left Behind) act and the Zero tolerance policy to bring back education to its worth of content instead of test scores, image and funding. When learners are well provided with the test and material, administrators and teachers not only require them to prosper, but are more disturbed with the students’ failures, since they miss sufficient funding (Christle,  Jolivette & Nelson,  2005). This makes the education phase to be merely on money and funds instead of content oriented system. When schools became victims of little test score due to the societal economic standpoint, offense ridden where imprisonment is high and other contributing social issues, then administrators and teachers are put in a situation where they cannot come out of the issues within the time frame. Besides, given tha t the social populations of the society are wealthier and safe, it is believed that they have higher scores due to some benefits; they are not adequately learning the content but rather for further grants. The administrators and teachers have perceived the test scores and material as a dollar symbol to get federal funding; denying learners the chance to acquire the full knowledge of an education. The next factor to the social problem of the STPP (School to Prison Pipeline) is the Zero Tolerance rule. All schools in US (United States) have Zero tolerance rules meant to make learning institutions a safe place by keeping drugs and weapons out of them. In retrospect, the Zero Tolerance appears to ensure that the learners are safe in mind. However, the effects of expulsion and suspension do not appear reasonable. When a leaner is suspended and stopped from coming to school, he or she looses much of the learning time. Besides, expulsing or suspending a student makes his or her drops back on the learning, making them not to care about education hence dropping out of school. Drop out of learners with little life skills and education make students to resort to more criminal offenses and activities. The huge investment done by the US government on the criminal justice policy instead of education system is worrying and increases the risk of the (STPP) School to Prison Pipeline. This makes the youth awareness and motivation towards an education system to constantly be low concerning the experience and values of learning. The massive investment being employed into prisons versus education indicates the relation between the little budget of education as well as reduced test scores. Possibly, when much funding is spent on education, learners would get the equipment in education and academia so as not to be part of this trend. When this is adhered to, the social problem of the STPP (School to Prison Pipeline) would effortlessly decline. Besides, to eliminate the aforementione d social issue, teachers, administrators and teachers should be accommodated in adjusting the No Child Left Behind policy. The educational stakeholders such as cabinet secretaries, ministries and political leaders need to recognize the social problems faced by the education system to enable instructors educate and teach learners about the content of the

All Philosophical Problems Caused by Sloppy Reasoning Essay

All Philosophical Problems Caused by Sloppy Reasoning - Essay Example Clearly, philosophical problems remain, though Wittgenstein had felt that he had solved them finally enough to retire after publishing the Tractatus (Richter, 2004). But by solving the issue of language, one can make sure that one is not making a mountain out of a molehill, asking absurd issues or creating issues where there are none. Anyone who has had the unpleasant experience of talking at cross-purposes with someone else knows that many problems are simply caused by poor assumptions as to what terms mean. Kripke suggests that Wittgenstein's work boils down to a â€Å"sceptical challenge†. The terms of this challenge doubt that anything said can be unequivocally meaningful. The strongest case against the sceptical position would be mathematics. Philosophers since the sceptical revolution of epistemology that Hume led have largely agreed that complete, rigorous knowledge of the empirical world is impossible. But math and logic are sometimes held to be beyond this. Yet Wittge nstein's work, being semantical and semiotic, actually impugns even math. 2 + 2 = 4 is straight forward enough, but to be sensible, one has to assume that it is meant that the symbol 2 matches the concept of â€Å"two†, that the plus sign means an addition, and that the equals sign indicates an equation (Kusch). Strictly speaking, in Kripke's view, one cannot make those assumptions. â€Å"The 'sceptical challenge' is thus ontological rather than epistemic; the sceptic seeks to show not that you are somehow unable to track the facts of what you mean, but that there are no facts for you track†. To decode 2 + 2 = 4 requires more than the rules of mathematics, no matter how rigorous: It requires socially agreed-upon assertability conditions, like â€Å"2 is two, + indicates the mathematical function of addition and = means the equal function†. In strict Chinese or any non-Arabic numeral language, 2 + 2 = 4 is gibberish; in Roman, the closest one would get would be I I + II = IV.

The concept of child abuse

The concept of child abuse The concept of child abuse is historically, socially and culturally bound. Critically discuss this statement with reference to the subject material and literature. Introduction This paper will look at child abuse, what that is in Australia today. Through reviewing literature on child abuse and child protection this paper aims to show that the concept of child abuse is dependent on social and cultural values. In order to discuss child abuse and its relationship to history and social and cultural values it is important to define the term child abuse in the child protection field in Australia today. Zuchowski (2009: 30) cites Fernandez as recognizing that the importance of agreed and unambiguous definitions is central to identifying maltreatment and appropriate interventions and that child abuse is a socially constructed concept defined by social, cultural and economic conditions. In Australian child protection work child abuse is defined in terms of physical, sexual and emotional abuse and in the more contentious area, child neglect. Physical and emotional abuses are defined as acts of commission or omission that cause harm or worse to children. Sexual abuse is defined as the child being used for the sexual gratification of the adult and involves the abuse of trust and power inherent in relationships between adults and children. Neglect is defined as a situation in which the parents/carers fail to provide for the basic essential needs that children require (Tilbury, Osmond, Wilson Clark 2007:5; Tomison, 2001:48). The term neglect is contentious and implies judgement; Feminism and Post-Modernist theories challenge workers to be critically reflective on the ways in which language contributes to the construction of social values (Healy, 2005:194). Applied to child protection work Feminist, Structuralist and Critical social work theories focus on social and economic resources and recognize the impact that structural disadvantages have on families capacities to provide for children (Tilbury et al, 2007:29). Neglect of children was not recognized prior to the industrial revolution and children as young as five were treated as slave labour in orphanages, workhouses and factories, where they were starved, beaten and often kept in leg irons (Tomison, 2001:48). These conditions are illegal in Australia today and would be considered as child abuse by current social values. History of Child Protection In the 19th century children were essentially seen as economic units, large families were an investment and childrens input was considered essential to family survival (Sanson Wise, 2001:5).By the turn of the 20th century changes in attitudes to child labour in Australia were reflected in laws such as the Factory Act of New South Wales and Victoria of 1896, compulsory education for all children in all Australian states by 1900 and the establishment of voluntary child rescue groups such as The Victorian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1894 which was concerned with child abuse and the effects of poverty and disadvantage on their living conditions (Sanson Wise, 2001:5; Tomison, 2001:50). However, widespread public concern regarding the maltreatment of children only emerged when child abuse was rediscovered by Dr H Kempe and his colleagues in the United States in the 1960s. They coined the term battered baby syndrome and their work created interest in child maltreatment around the world. (Tomison , 2001:50; Parton, 2002:5). At the time child abuse was seen as a socio-medical problem, a disease which could be cured and prevented whereas today child abuse is currently framed as a socio-legal problem with the emphasis on gathering and assessing forensic evidence (Parton, 2002:11; Tomison, 2001:52). The professionalization of child protection services during the 1970s and 1980s saw the development of risk-assessment tools ; aids to assist workers in making the right decision and to help ensure accountability. These developments saw the worker as the expert; whereas current theories used in social work in Australia such as strengths- based approaches and narrative therapie s emphasize a collaborative effort between families and child protection services (Kreuger, 2007:237; Tilbury et al, 2007:16). The influence of the child rescue movement in the late 19th century on child protection in Australia has been profound, particularly influencing the history of social intervention and removal of Indigenous children from their families (Sanson Wise, 2001:8.).Child protection in Australia was first provided by predominantly Christian church groups in the non-government sector and targeted abandoned, neglected children and those with families considered socially inadequate. Initially rescued children were boarded with approved families until later years when orphanages were established. In the early days of settlement the deprivation that children suffered in institutions was recognized, leading to foster care or boarding out being the preferred placement for neglected children (Tomison, 2001:49). Indigenous Child Protection From the first white settlement of Australia colonial values and approaches saw the land being regarded as Terra Nullius, Indigenous people being treated as free labour at best and subsequent laws, policies and practices that forcibly removed Indigenous children from their families (HREOC, 1997:2). The Colonial response to the atrocities perpetrated on the Aboriginal people was to establish a protectorate system which would segregate and therefore supposedly protect Indigenous people. By 1911 most Australian states and territories had reserved land and assigned responsibility and therefore control of Aboriginal peoples lives to a Chief Protector or Protection Board. This power was used to remove Indigenous children from their families with a view to converting them to Christianity (HREOC, 1997). This policy approach would be considered racist by current social standards. Australia has been slow to recognize and respect the cultural values of the Indigenous people of Australia in ever y way, including child care and protection. As the population of mixed descent people grew government officials responded by removing children and housing them away from their families with the aim of absorbing and merging them into the non-Indigenous population. The forcible removal of Indigenous children continued in many guises up until the 1960s; those people affected by this practice are now known as The Stolen Generation. In New South Wales after 1940, Indigenous and non-Indigenous children came under general child welfare legislation. The inherent racism in policy and practice and lack of recognition of cultural differences ensured that Indigenous families were more readily found to be neglectful. Poverty was equated with neglect and Indigenous families, ineligible for unrestricted welfare support until after 1966, were judged as failing to provide adequately by non-Indigenous standards (HREOC, 1997). Attachment theory is based on the joint work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Attachment theory recognizes the importance of the early relationship between parent and child and its influence on childrens future ability to form healthy relationships. Bowlbys work on maternal deprivation, based on the premise that attachment to a caregiver is essential for survival, was not applied to Indigenous families in the 1950s and 60s in Australia (Bretherton, 1995:759; Osmond Darlington, 2002:1). This failure can be attributed to the same racist attitudes to Indigenous Australians that saw Australia declared an empty continent by the first settlers (HREOC, 1997). Looking through the lens of attachment theory at Australias history of forcible removal of Indigenous children, it is easy to see the legacy of intergenerational suffering and its ongoing impact on the wellbeing of Indigenous communities today (Sanson Wise, 2001:39). From todays perspective historic child protection practices impos ed on Indigenous Australians are seen as child abuse and maltreatment. Prime Minister Rudds apology, in February 2008, for the damage done to Indigenous Australians through past policies of removal, evidences the change in Australian social values which are reflected in policy. In the Bringing them Home Report (HREOC, 1997:19), Sir William Deane acknowledges the extent to which present disadvantage flows from past injustices and oppression. The report recognizes the permanent wounding caused to the Stolen Generation by forcible removal and institutional abuse. All states and territories in Australia have accepted the Indigenous Placement Principle as law or policy (SNAIC, 2002:66.)This policy recognizes the importance of retaining Indigenous Australian childrens connections to their community and culture(Ban, 2005:388). The Indigenous Placement Principle embeds Indigenous cultural values in social policy by seeking to place children within extended families and their communities. This principle is critical to addressing issues such as Indigenous children being six times more likely to be removed than any other Australian children and twenty times more likely to be in the juvenile justice system. This high rate of removal can be attributed to structural issues such as poverty, lack of adequate housing and the intergenerational effects of policies that forcibly and deliberately removed Indigenous children from culture and family (Zuchowski, 2009:76). In fifty years, approaches to indigenous child protection in Australia have radically changed; they now reflect recognition of past injustices, respect for cultural differences and values and a commitment to partnership and collaboration between governments, services and Indigenous Australians to build capacities and resilience in communities to keep families and children safe (Calma, 2007). Economic Impacts Thomson (2003) suggests that there is an institutional blindness to the role that poverty plays in putting children at risk of harm. The rise of economic rationalism as the dominant philosophy through the 1990s in Australian social policy has been twofold: under- resourcing of welfare services such as child protection and a user -pays approach which sees the poor and needy further disadvantaged. Economic rationalism is a potentially value laden approach where those who are socially and economically disadvantaged held responsible for their circumstances. As Tomison (2001:52) acknowledges the focus of economic rationalism on efficiency, effectiveness and accountability potentially conflicts with the ethical commitments made by social workers such as a commitment to achieving social justice (Tilbury et al 2007:10; AASW, 1999). Economic issues impact the reconciliation process with the Indigenous community as healing and reconciliation relies on redress of past wrongs (HREOC, 1997). Thor pe (2007) also notes that a disproportionate amount of resources in child protection are spent on investigation rather than care. Current Social Policy Approaches: Prevention and early intervention The current discourse on child protection, influenced by strength based and evidence based approaches, has shifted from talking about abuse to talking about harm (Zuchowski, 2009:33). Feminism and Post-modernism recognize language as a site which contributes to defining social value; these discourses have also contributed to the shift from talking about abuse to focussing on the harm done to children. Harm is defined in The Child Protection Act (1999) as any detrimental effect of a significant natureon the childs wellbeing. This term allows for family and child to contribute to the assessment of what is considered detrimental and significant (Tilbury et al, 2007:4). The focus since the mid 1990s in Australia has been on early intervention and prevention (Tomison, 2001:54-55). Resilience has been recognized as a key protective factor in children surviving maltreatment and high risk situations and achieving healthy and adaptive outcomes. The growing recognition that enhancing protective factors to prevent maltreatment of children is cost effective, and provides both social and economic benefits, has seen an increasing focus on the delivery of early intervention and prevention services in Australia. These services are mostly delivered through non-government agencies such as Family Centres in New South Wales. Government policies now focus on health and wellbeing through enhancing community, family and individual strengths. These current strengths-based family support approaches are a contrast to historic approaches that sought to place responsibility and blame solely with the parent. Childrens health and wellbeing is now seen as a community responsibility; the impact of the socio-economic environment in which the family lives is now taken into account (Tomiso n, 2002:7; 2001:55). Conclusion According to Tilbury et al the label child abuse changes according to social context and reflects public opinion and values as well as expert opinion and reflects the degree to which society supports families to care for their children(2007:6). Furthermore understandings of child abuse and neglect differ according to socio-economic status, culture and ethnic background (Bowes Watson, 2004), as cited in Tilbury et al. (2007:6). What constitutes child abuse is dependent on social and cultural values; this is clearly evidenced in the changes to the treatment and care of children throughout even the short history of Australia since white settlement. The increase in notification and substantiation of children at risk in the last decade is the outcome of a widening definition of what comprises child abuse (Scott, 2006, as cited in Thorpe, 2007:1). Australias history of forcible removal of Indigenous children, the disconnection of British migrant children from family, the abuse of children in institutional care and the ongoing social and mental damage that these practices caused is now well known (Thorpe, 2007:1). These historic practices are unacceptable and considered abuse and maltreatment in Australia today. When compared with Australias current collaborative and culturally sensitive approach to child protection it is clear that child abuse, and community perception and response to it, reflect the dominant cu ltural and social values of the day. 1 Catriona Robertson, Student No. 0718540740, Assignment 1, WS3027: Child and Family Welfare, 10th January 2010.

My Most Embarassing Day Ever Essay examples -- essays research papers

Dear Diary, Today was the most embarrassing day of my life. I hope this will never happen to me again. Here’s how my day went. I woke up this morning around 7:30am. It was the Grand Final day for my Under 17’s football side. We were undefeated. I was the full forward and so far I have kicked ninety seven goals. I need at least three more goals this game to get my first one hundred goal season. I was going through my normal Sunday morning football routine. Get up, eat breakfast (nine wheat bix and two glasses of orange juice) and get changed for footy. One of my superstitions is to wear the same footy jocks I’ve worn all season. Every game I have worn them we have won but for some reason today I completely forgot about them. I got to the oval at around 10:30am and met my team so we coul...

Malnutrition And Liver Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Background and Aims: Malnutrition is a accepted complication of chronic liver disease with of import predictive deductions. Hepatitis C virus liver disease spans a spectrum from chronic hepatitis C, to compensated cirrhosis, and eventually decompensated cirrhosis. Our purpose was to measure the nutritionary position of patients with hepatitis C virus liver disease. Methods: Patients were prospectively enrolled from the out-patient clinics, and categorized into 4 distinguishable populations of 100 patients each: Healthy controls ( HC ) , those with chronic hepatitis C infection ( CHC ) , compensated cirrhotics ( CC ) and decompensated cirrhotics ( DC ) . The validated subjective planetary appraisal tool was used to measure nutritionary position. Consequences: A sum of 400 patients were enrolled, every bit divided amongst the 4 groups. Most of the patients in the HC group were category A ( best nutritionary position ) . In contrast the bulk ( 68 % ) in the DC group were in the category C ( worst position ) . While 86 % of patients in the CHC group had a category A SGA mark, merely 10 % of the CC did. The nutritionary position showed a declining from Class A to C through the 4 groups which was statistically important ( p-value & lt ; 0.001 ) . Decision: Malnutrition occurs early, and progresses unrelentingly throughout the spectrum of HCV disease. Cardinal words: Malnutrition, nutritionary position, hepatitis C virus, liver diseaseIntroductionThe relationship between malnutrition and liver disease has been presuming greater significance due to the acknowledgment that it is associated with inauspicious clinical results. Malnutrition is present in 65-90 % of patients with advanced liver disease and in about 100 % of campaigners for liver transplantation.1, 2. Cirrhotic patients who are malnourished non merely hold a higher morbidity, but besides an increased mortality rate.3, 4. The badness of malnutrition correlatives straight with the patterned advance of the liver disease.5, 6 The main ground for the malnutrition in these patients is hapless unwritten consumption, which may be due to a assortment of causes. Vitamin A and/or Zn lack may give rise to an altered sense of gustatory sensation 7. The dietetic limitations that are normally recommended to these patients, such as limitation of Na, protein, and fats, can deter equal unwritten consumption by rendering nutrient bland. The presence of failing, weariness, and brain disorder may besides lend to reduced unwritten intake8. Malabsorption is another critical ground why patients with advanced hepatic disease go malnourished. A decrease in the bile-salt pool may take to fat malabsorption,9, or bacterial giantism may ensue from impaired small-bowel motility.10 The presence of portal high blood pressure has besides been blamed as a cause of malabsorption and protein loss from the GI track.11, 12 In add-on, the disposal of medicines used in the intervention of hepatic brain disorder may besides lend to malabsorption.13 Hepatitis C virus liver disease spans a spectrum from chronic hepatitis degree Celsius, to compensated cirrhosis, and to eventually decompensated cirrhosis. While the open malnutrition associated with cirrhosis has been documented in literature, there is small informations sing the nutritionary position of patients who have simple chronic hepatitis C, with no grounds of terrible liver disfunction, apart from raised aminotransferases, or the remunerated cirrhotic, and how they compare to the normal population. This information is all the more relevant in the underdeveloped universe, where deficiency of instruction and consciousness, and unavailability to good wellness attention lead to misinformation. Often faith therapists, traditional medical specialty specializers ( hakims ) , quacks and household members enforce rigorous and unneeded dietary limitations, preponderantly of fat and protein, which initiate and worsen nutritionary position. Given these facts, it would be prudent to test all patients with liver disease for nutritionary abnormalcies to place those at hazard of developing malnutrition.14 Subjective planetary appraisal ( SGA ) is a tool that combines multiple elements of nutritionary appraisal to sort the badness of malnutrition signifier mild to severe.15 These constituents are recent weight loss, alterations in dietetic consumption, GI symptoms, functional capacity, marks of musculus cachexia, and the presence of presacral or pedal hydrops. The SGA is an first-class tool to measure nutritionary position in many diseases, and has an interobserver duplicability rate of 80 % .16 Simple bedside methods like the SGA have been shown to place malnutrition adequately ; the usage of more complex hiting systems has non proved superior17.4 M. Plauth, M. Merli, J. Kondrup, P. Ferenci, A. Weimann and M.E.S.P.E.N. Muller, Guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and organ transplant, Clin Nutr 16 ( 1997 ) , pp. 43-55. Abstract | PDF ( 1653 K ) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus ( 163 )Materials and MethodsPatients were enrolled from the out-patient hepatology clinics a t the Aga Khan University Hospital in a prospective mode. After a elaborate appraisal by the doctor which included a history and scrutiny, patients were categorized into 4 distinguishable populations of 100 patients each: Healthy controls ( HC ) , those with chronic hepatitis C infection ( CHC ) , compensated cirrhotics ( CC ) and decompensated cirrhotics ( DC ) . Healthy controls were the attach toing house-hold members ( gender and closest age matched ) of the patients who were assessed to be healthy after a history, scrutiny and a negative HCV antibody testing trial. The controls were exposed to the same socio- economic conditions as the patients, and showing of household members of the index patient is standard pattern at our infirmary. CHC patients were those who had grounds of HCV viraemia, raised aminotransferases, normal liver man-made map, and an ultrasound of the liver demoing a healthy liver, without grounds of portal high blood pressure, such as a dilated portal vena, or splenomegaly. Patients were classified as holding CC when they had no history of decompensation, and an ultrasound screening characteristics of cirrhosis A ± portal high blood pressure, but no ascites. Finally DC were those who had either a history or physical scrutiny compatible with a diagnosing of decompensation, or a ultrasound demonstrating free fluid in the venters. Decompensation was defined as any episode of variceal hemorrhage, ascites, or porto-sytemic brain disorder. The SGA signifier was filled in all cases by the adviser doctor himself. A nutritionary history was besides noted, with peculiar mention to any protein or fat limitation. Written, informed consent was taken from all the survey participants, and the survey was approved by the university moralss commission.ConsequencesA sum of 400 patients were enrolled, every bit divided amongst the 4 groups. Age and gender were comparable in all 4 groups ( Table 1 ) . Most of the patients in the HC group were category A harmonizing to the SGA, and there were none in category C. In contrast the bulk ( 68 % ) in the DC group were in the category C, while merely 4 % were in the A class. The nutritionary position showed a gradual passage from Class A to C, with a 3rd of CC and the bulk of DC all hiting a C on the SGA. Fourteen per centum of patients with CHC besides scored a B on the SGA. ( Graph 1 )DiscussionThis is the first survey to document the nutritionary position of patients across the whole spectrum of hepatitis C virus infection. Most of the literature has been devoted to the nutritionary facets of cirrhotic and pre graft patients,18, 19 but as our survey shows, that the downslide begins much earlier, even before cirrhosis sets in. Even when these patients visit their doctors for other complaints, the nutritionary lack may non be realized, so the procedure continues unabated, until blunt malnutrition sets in. The huge bulk of patients across all the cohorts were on a diet that was restricted in protein and fat content in changing sums. This stems from the false but steadfast belief that when the liver is affected, it should non be â€Å" burdened † with Calories. This pattern, which is endorsed non merely by patients and their households, but besides unluckily by ill-informed doctors, is likely the ground why up to 14 % of patients with merely CHC are reasonably malnourished, and that the bulk of CC patients are reasonably or overtly malnourished. The major alteration in SGS position in our survey was seen between the CHC and the CC cohort of patients, and this is where the focal point of nutritionary intercession should be. Patients with CHC should be expected to hold the same degree of nutrition as HC, as no important liver harm has occurred, but this was n't the instance. Up to 14 % of such patients had a moderate nutritionary value, most probably a consequence of caloric and protein limitation. Poor nutritionary position contributes to tire, anaemia, and infection, all of which impair successful HCV intervention, as intervention itself causes cytopenias and profound weariness. Patients who are in better nutritionary wellness are more likely to digest intervention side-effects, require less break of intervention, or dose decreases, and hence have a more successful result, as compared to those who are nutritionally depleted20, 21. The CC group besides had a really alarmingly little figure of patients who were good nourished ( 10 % ) . The huge bulk ( 56 % ) were reasonably nourished, and a important figure ( 34 % ) were malnourished. The chief ground we feel, for such a high figure of cirrhotics to be malnourished is PCM, which promotes katabolism, hypoalbuminemia. This is a really delicate group of patients-while they are compensated, they already have extended hepatic harm. Malnutrition accelerates their slide towards decompensation, as there is a direct correlativity between the patterned advance of the liver disease and the badness of malnutrition.5, 20 Patients with cirrhosis who are malnourished have a higher rate of hepatic brain disorder, infection, and variceal bleeding.18, 22 They are besides twice every bit likely to hold stubborn ascites.1 All of these events in a cirrhotic have high mortality rates. Multiple surveies have reported a correlativity between hapless nutritionary position and mortality, and malnutrition is an independent forecaster of mortality in patients with cirrhosis.3, 23 It is no admiration so, that the nutritionally worst group has the maximal figure of patients who have decompensated cirrhosis, followed by CC. Using modes such as media runs, out-patient guidance, and awareness cantonments may all function to contend the disinformation that takes the topographic point of right information, when it is non supplied by the wellness attention supplier. Doctors should besides be made cognizant of non merely the importance of nutritionary rating and guidance in all patients with hepatitis C infection but besides its regular appraisal at follow up visits. Patients should be encouraged to take as normal and balanced a diet as possible, including protein, which is routinely restricted in our scene. The establishment of a bland, protein and Calorie restricted diet is non warranted, and should be counseled against at every brush with the patient and their attenders. Even in advanced cirrhosis, protein should merely be restricted during a period of encephalopathy, and salt should be restricted if there is pedal odema and/or ascites.23, 24Decision:Malnutrition exists throughout the spectrum of HCV disease. It occurs early in the disease procedure, and is grim, with of import predictive effects. Poor unwritten consumption, malabsorption, but most significantly, protein Calorie limitations are all responsible for the province. It is therefore, imperative to measure the nutritionary position of all patients with chronic liver disease and to optimise nutrition in these patients. Malnutrition is a potentially reversible status that, when identif ied and corrected, can take to improved patient results. This survey paperss the baseline nutritionary position of a big cohort of patients in our scene, and provides informations upon which other nutrition interventional surveies may be based.

Lab 1 Report Essay

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Definition and Examples of Metadiscourse

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Managing organisational design and change Essay

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Price Analysis for the Navigation System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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